英语阅读短文第1篇考查题型：改错词是最主要的形式，约占60%，是考查的重点。题目一般都设计的比较灵活，知识层次多，覆盖面广。知识点分布：词法上，主要考查：①词的时态、语态、非谓语动词及情态动词的用法等下面是小编为大家整理的英语阅读短文18篇,供大家参考。
考查题型：改错词是最主要的形式，约占60%，是考查的重点。
题目一般都设计的比较灵活，知识层次多，覆盖面广。
知识点分布：
词法上，主要考查：①词的时态、语态、非谓语动词及情态动词的用法等。②名词、代词的数、格。③形容词、副词的比较等级。④主谓语一致及其他的一致关系。⑤连词、关系词的使用等。
句法上，主要涉及到简单句否定、疑问、倒装、省略、替代等变化。
行文逻辑上，主要涉及人物的性别及与之相对应的物主代词、句义的并列与转折、时间的顺序、数量的增减以及因果的倒置等。
考查类型:
多词
1)不可数名词泛指时,多冠词,或不可数名词/抽象名词,多不当修饰词.2)谓语动词多不当助动词3)感官使役动词后不定式作宾语补足语时多了to4)不是从句却加了关系词或连接词5)及物动词后多了介词或副词6)比较级前多词7)词义重叠
/ 冗词错误8)作时间状语的名词短语前多了介词9)固定搭配中多词
缺词
1)可数名词前缺限定词2)动词不定式缺to3)不及物动词后缺介词或副词4)固定搭配中缺词50被动语态缺助动词be
6)句子成分残缺(一般缺谓语动词或动词)
错词
1)不定冠词a /
an、定冠词或物主代词错误2)可数名词复数少了-s3)动词时态与时间状语(或上下文)不一致4)语态错误5)非谓语动词形式错误6)主谓不一致7)代词和名词不一致8)词义辨析错误9)介词与名词、动词或形容词搭配错误10)连词错误11)词类错误12)关系代词或关系副词错误13)逻辑错误14)固定搭配和习惯用法错误
考点精析：
动词
动词是历年的考查重点，在短文改错中占相当比例，应引起重视。动词的考点主要涉及谓语动词时态的协调一致(一般现在时和一般过去时)，
语态无用(缺少be动词)，
或及物动词后无宾语、不及物动词后加了宾语，主谓一致，动词搭配错误，虚拟语气错误(如接宾语从句需用虚拟语气的没用)等。
如：Since long ago, many adults and children called
their friends together to spend hours, even days
to play (20XX湖北)
Since引导的状语修饰现在完成时的主句，所以把called该为have called; spend
doing花时间作某事，所以把play 该为playing。
非谓语动词
它的主要考点包括不定式(如：to do sth与do
sth的选择)，动名词作主语、作宾语的形式，现在分词、过去分词的误用，非谓语的否定、完成、被动，并列连词前后非谓语的一致(尤其相距较远时)等，
如：He would catch the food throwing to him from the
other side of the (20XX江苏)
本题考查非谓语动词作定语，food与throw是动宾关系，所以把throwing
改为thrown。
名词
名词的主要考点涉及名词的单复数变化，可数名词和不可数名词混用等
如：Were leaving from our hometowns to spend the
winter (20XX山东)
①把from改为for, leave for动身去地方;②
把vacations改为vacation, 寒假和暑假的表达方式分别是the winter
vocation/the winter holidays; the summer
vocation/the summer holidays。
形容词和副词
形容词和副词的考点是包括形容词和副词词形变化(考题多半是混淆形容词和副词的各种形式)，形容词和副词的原级、比较级、最高级之间的混用，副词用成了形容词或相反等。
如：My car just wouldnt move any It was
complete dead, and I was a few miles far (去掉far)
away from anywhere on a cold, wet (20XX江西)
句中的complete 修饰形容词dead,
因此要用副词修饰形容词，把complete改为completely。
冠词
冠词的考点是其基本用法(如a/an/the的选用)和固定搭配，
由于汉语中没有与英语冠词相对应的词语，学生解题时往往忽略冠词。
如：I hope youve had pleasant journey home and
will come to China again on the
(20XX全国III)
将had 后加a, a pleasant journey 一次愉快的旅行。
代词
代词考点主要时代词的各种形式，包括代词指代的性、数一致，代词补缺，代词的主宾格混用，单复数错用，反身代词误用，it
与指示代词混用，不定代词混用，以及关系代词误用(如只能用that引导的用了其它代词，或者是不该用that的地方用了，或是在介词+关系代词结构中漏掉了介词)等，
如：This is not surprising that the Silver Ghost
was regarded (加as) the best car in the
(20XX安徽)
本题考查it作形式主语的句型。所以把that 改为it。
介词
介词多半是考查惯用法，考查它与动词、形容词等构成的固定搭配。介词的错误主要是介词的多余或缺失，错用等，这一部分需要平时多多积累，弄清常用介词的搭配。
如：Actually, I didnt have to walk far before I
found a small house standing on a filed with a
light shone (该为shining)from the sitting
(20XX江西)
field作战场、运动场时，前面介词习惯用on;作田野、田地时多用in。
并列连词
连词包括并列连词和从属连词，并列连词考点有两个：一是并列连词的选择应符合上下文意思，考题中常常有意把and，but，or等词混用，出现逻辑错误;一是并列连词如：and，or，but，not
only but also, neithernor等应连接平行结构,
在词性、时态、非谓语动词等形式上要求前后一致。
如：So then, a concert cost so (20XX全国II)
将so该为but , 通读短文后, 可知道连词在这里表示转折而不是因果或递进。
从句
从句的错误主要出现在从句的引导词上，如关系副词where，when，why等错用，或受介词+关系代词的影响而多加了不必要的介词等。
如：I had to look up the same word many times，for
which was quite troublesome。(20XX重庆)
去掉for ，这里是冗词，which指代前面这件事，引导非限制性定语从句。
逻辑错误
如果句子的词法、句法均没有错误，可以通过逻辑推理去寻找寻找逻辑错误应从整个篇章去考虑
寻找不符合句意和文意的词语
如：Whenever I see them I often think of my English
teacher。(20XX全国)
此题错误是受汉语的影响，造成语义上重叠。英语中whenever之后不用often。
特别提示：
在做题时，首先要通读全文，了解文章大意。
整句理解，逐行分析。
单独检查全篇的动词、连词、名词、冠词、代词等，这些都是容易出错的地方，也是常考查的知识点。
切忌改动原文的意思，一定要在看懂原文的基础上改错，以保持原意为原则。
横线上改正后的单词一定要注意拼写正确，书写的清晰工整，便于阅卷。
要严格的按照规定的符号去改，用文字说明或箭头表示都是错误的。
读懂全文，验证答案，消除疏忽。
注重平时的积累，贵在坚持。
My English Teacher
Miss Tang is my She’s very She is tall and Shehas two big eyes and a small Her hair is She likes cats very she likes singing and dancing, Her English is very We often playgames in English She is very kind to We all love
【要领点评】
这篇作文的题目是“我的英语老师”，是一篇介绍人物的作文。小作者开门见山，直接点题，首先介绍了英语老师的姓名，然后逐一介绍了她的外貌特征、喜好、英语水平、上课特点以及师生情感等。
同学们们在写作文时，要注意使用自己最熟悉的词[组]，以免写出一些错句子。写作时要注意意思连贯、语句通顺、标点正确、书写清晰、规范等。
Letting go is the Too often we spend our time keeping score of what isn"t working, what"s not manifesting, and what"s just going wrong in our lives and that only keeps us When you let go of the outcome, the struggle, and the constant worry about when, how, or if your desires will manifest and trust the process, you make room for the magic of the Universe to bring in your every As Queen Elsa said "Let it go!"
放手就是答案。我们总是花太很多时间去在意那些没有意义、鸡毛蒜皮的事和那些在我们生活中完全出错、让我们痛苦不堪的事。
当你不再在意结果，不再挣扎，不再日夜担忧你的愿望什么时候会实现、怎样实现、是否会实现，相信过程，你就腾出了空间，宇宙的魔法就能把你想要的都带来。
就像爱莎女王说的那样：“随它吧!”
Inspired) Action is As logical thinkers and problem solvers, we"ve been taught that the best way to achieve our desires is to set a goal, create a plan and take massive In my experience that is certainly one way to do it, but it"s not the best The best way is to listen to your heart, be open to the possibilities, and take action on the inspired ideas that you are given each and every You"ll find when you do that, you will reach your goals faster than ever
有想法的行动就是一切。
我们懂得逻辑思考，懂得如何解决问题。我们学过，要获得自己想要的东西，最好的方法是设立一个目标、制定一个计划，然后积极地行动起来。
在我的经验里，这确实是个方法，但不是最好的方法。
最好的方法是听从自己的内心，迎接各种可能性，每天一有想法就马上行动。
当你这么做的时候，你会发现你会比过去更快达到自己的目标。
I’m a primary school student and my school is It is not too big or too But it is old， because it has a long It has many flowers and They very Our school has seven classrooms， a teachers’ office and a We study in the classroom， play games and do morning exercises in the In my eyes， it is the most beautiful We are happy to study
参考翻译：
我是一个小学生，我的学校是很漂亮的。它不是很大也不是很小。但是因为它已经存在很长的时间，所以已经旧了。学校里面有很多花草树木。它们都很漂亮，我们学校有七个教室一个教师办公室和一个操场。我们在教室里面学习，在操场上玩游戏，做早操。在我眼里，我的学校是最美丽的学校。我很开心在那里学习。
I study in the Primary It"s one of the best primary schools in my There are four buildings in of them are teaching The other two are library and The teaching buildings are huge and the classroom is large and There are plenty of books in the I like reading books in the After class, students like playing in the It’s a popular place after Besides, our teachers are They care much about I am happy to study in my
参考翻译：
我就读于我们市的第一小学，那是我们这最好的一所小学。学校共有四栋建筑，两栋是教学楼，另外两栋分别是图书馆跟体育馆。我们的教学楼非常宏伟壮观，教室也是又宽敞又明亮。图书馆里面有很多藏书，所以我非常喜欢在那读书。课间时候，同学们都喜欢在体育馆里玩，那儿可是个热闹场所。另外，我们的老师也非常好，对学生都很关心。我喜欢在这所学校读书!
案例研究：新西兰旅游网站
Case Study: Tourism New Zealand website
New Zealand is a small country of four million inhabitants, a long-haul flight from all the major tourist-generating markets of the Tourism currently makes up 9% of the country’s gross domestic product, and is the country’s largest export Unlike other export sectors, which make products and then sell them overseas, tourism brings its customers to New The product is the country itself - the people, the places and the In 1999, Tourism New Zealand launched a campaign to communicate a new brand position to the The campaign focused on New Zealand’s scenic beauty, exhilarating outdoor activities and authentic Maori culture, and it made New Zealand one of the strongest national brands in the
新西兰是一个有着400万居民的小国家，离世界上所有的大型游客聚集市场都需要经历一场长途航班。旅游业目前占这个国家国民生产总值的百分之九，是其最大的出口行业。与其他行业不同的是，其他行业是要制作产品再将其销售到海外，而旅游业会将顾客带到新西兰来。产品就是这个国家本身——其人民、地点和身处其中的体验。在1999年，新西兰旅游局向全世界推出了一场大型宣传活动，营造出一个全新的品牌地位。这场宣传集中展示了新西兰优美的风景、激动人心的户外项目和本土真正的的毛利文化，它将新西兰塑造成世界上最强有力的国家品牌之一。
A key feature of the campaign was the website , which provided potential visitors to New Zealand with a single gateway to everything the destination had to The heart of the website was a database of tourism services operators, both those based in New Zealand and those based abroad which offered tourism services to the Any tourism-related business could be listed by filling in a simple This meant that even the smallest bed and breakfast address or specialist activity provider could gain a web presence with access to an audience of long-haul In addition, because participating businesses were able to update the details they gave on a regular basis, the information provided remained And to maintain and improve standards, Tourism New Zealand organised a scheme whereby organisations appearing on the website underwent an independent evaluation against a set of agreed national standards of As part of this, the effect of each business on the environment was
这场宣传活动中的一个关键特色就是“新西兰旅游”这个网站，它为未来有可能前往新西兰的游客提供了一个入口，在这里可以找到新西兰所能提供的一切。此网站的核心内容在于一个由各路旅游服务经营者信息所组成的数据库，其中既有位于新西兰本土的商家，也有驻扎海外的提供前往此国旅游服务的公司。任何与旅游相关的经营者都可以通过填写一张简单的表格而获准加入。这就意味着：即使是最小型的住宿地和早餐店或特色活动的提供者都能在此网站上获得一席之地，从而接触到所有打算远道而来的游客。此外，由于参与的商家可以定期更新自己放上去的各种信息，网站的信息就能始终保持准确。并且为了维持并提高水准，新西兰旅游局还安排了一个这样的方案：展示在网站上的所有商家都要按照一套通过决议的国家质量标准来接受一场独立评估。其中，每个企业对于环境产生的影响都要受到考量。
To communicate the New Zealand experience, the site also carried features relating to famous people and One of the most popular was an interview with former New Zealand All Blacks rugby captain Tana Another feature that attracted a lot of attention was an interactive journey through a number of the locations chosen for blockbuster films which had made use of New Zealand’s stunning scenery as a As the site developed, additional features were added to help independent travellers devise their own customised To make it easier to plan motoring holidays, the site catalogued the most popular driving routes in the country, highlighting different routes according to the season and indicating distances and
为了充分传播这场经历，该网站还有一些与名人和知名地点有关的特色介绍。其中最受欢迎的内容之一是对新西兰全黑橄榄球队前队长Tana Umaga的采访。另外一个吸引了大量关注的特色是一场互动式旅程，穿过一些将新西兰令人目瞪口呆的风景选做背景的电影大片中曾经出现过的地点。随着网站的发展，又有一些额外特色被加进来来帮助自助型游客通过这个规划属于自己的特色行程。为了帮助用户更简单规划自驾行假期，网站还根据季节变化分类整理出了这个国家最受欢迎的多条驾车路线，并且标注了距离和时间。
Later, a Travel Planner feature was added, which allowed visitors to click and ‘bookmark’ places or attractions they were interested in, and then view the results on a The Travel Planner offered suggested routes and public transport options between the chosen There were also links to accommodation in the By registering with the website, users could save their Travel Plan and return to it later, or print it out to take on the The website also had a ‘Your Words’ section where anyone could submit a blog of their New Zealand travels for possible inclusion on the
后来，又增加了一项“旅行规划者”特色，网站访问者可以点击他们感兴趣的地点或景点，并标注书签，然后在地图上查看结果。“旅行规划者”会提供往来于各个选定地点之间的推荐路线和公共交通方式选择。同时还有查看当地住宿信息的链接。通过网站注册，用户就可以保存他们的旅行计划，之后返回查看，或者把计划打印出来随身携带。网站上还有一个“你的语言”的版块，任何人都可以提交自己有关新西兰旅游的博客记录，这些游记内容将有可能展示在网站页面上。
The Tourism New Zealand website won two Webby awards for online achievement and More importantly perhaps, the growth of tourism to New Zealand was Overall tourism expenditure increased by an average of % per year between 1999 and From Britain, visits to New Zealand grew at an average annual rate of 13% between 20XX and 20XX, compared to a rate of 4% overall for British visits
新西兰旅游局的这个网站因其线上成就和创新赢得了两次威比奖。也许更重要的是：新西兰旅游业的增长是令人印象深刻的。总体旅游支出在1999到20XX年期间平均每年增长%，在20XX年到20XX年之间，从英国前往新西兰的旅客增长率是13%，而英国的总体海外旅游增长率只有百分之四。
The website was set up to allow both individuals and travel organisations to create itineraries and travel packages to suit their own needs and On the website, visitors can search for activities not solely by geographical location, but also by the particular nature of the This is important as research shows that activities are the key driver of visitor satisfaction, contributing 74% to visitor satisfaction, while transport and accommodation account for the remaining 26%. The more activities that visitors undertake, the more satisfied they will It has also been found that visitors enjoy cultural activities most when they are interactive, such as visiting a marae (meeting ground) to learn about traditional Maori Many long-haul travellers enjoy such learning experiences, which provide them with stories to take home to their friends and In addition, it appears that visitors to New Zealand don’t want to be ‘one of the crowd’ and find activities that involve only a few people more special and
这个网站成立的目的是为了让个人和旅游机构都能根据这个创建出适合他们自身需求和兴趣的行程以及旅游套餐。在网站，访问者并非仅仅能够根据地理位置为线索来搜寻各个活动，还可以通过活动的特定属性来查找。这一点是很重要的，因为研究显示：活动项目是游客满意度的关键驱动因素，为总体游客满意度贡献了百分之七十四的比例，而交通和住宿一起才占了余下的百分之二十六。游客参与的活动越多，他们就会越对自己的旅行感到满意。同时研究发现：游客最享受的文化活动是那些有互动性质的，例如参观一处毛利会堂来了解传统的毛利人生活。许多远道而来的游客都非常享受这样的学习经历，这样他们就有故事可以带回去与朋友和家人分享。此外，来到新西兰的游客们好像都不想成为大众中人群中的一个，而是觉得那些只有少数几个人参与的活动更为特别和有意义。
It could be argued that New Zealand is not a typical New Zealand is a small country with a visitor economy composed mainly of small It is generally perceived as a safe English-speaking country with a reliable transport Because of the long-haul flight, most visitors stay for longer (average 20 days) and want to see as much of the country as possible on what is often seen as a once-in-a-lifetime However, the underlying lessons apply anywhere - the effectiveness of a strong brand, a strategy based on unique experiences and a comprehensive and user-friendly
可能有争议说新西兰并不算一个典型的旅游目的地。它是一个小国家，游客经济主要由小型商家组成。它被大众普遍视为一个安全的讲英语的国家，有着可靠的交通基础设施。由于要进行长途飞行，大部分游客都会在此地待比较久(平均为20天)并想要尽可能地到处多看看这个国家，因为他们通常将此看作是“一生只来一次的旅行”。然而，新西兰的旅游业兴旺发展背后的经验却可以应用到任何地方——一个强大的品牌效应，基于独有经历的策略，和一个全面而并且关注用户的网站。
在高考英语考试中阅读题的解答时，阅读速度是最重要的。在学习和考试中遇到阅读速度跟不上答题的问题时，有些同学就认为是自己的英语基础不行，然后就拼命的背单词，其实如果能够用正确的方法进行快速阅读训练的话，即使在原有的基础上也可以在阅读速度方面取得显著的提高，更何况很多情况下根本就不是英语基础的问题。现在就介绍练习快速阅读的四种方法，同学们多加练习，一定能提高阅读速度，并在高考中取胜。
快速泛读(fast extensive reading)
平时要养成快速泛读的习惯。这里讲的泛读是指广泛阅读大量涉及不同领域的书籍，要求读得快，理解和掌握书中的主要内容就可以了。要确定一个明确的读书定额，定额要结合自己的实际，切实可行，可多可少。例如每天读20页，一个学期以18周计算，就可以读21本中等厚度的书(每本书约120页)。
计时阅读(timed reading)
课余要养成计时阅读的习惯。计时阅读每次进行5～10分钟即可，不宜太长。因为计时快速阅读，精力高度集中，时间一长，容易疲劳、精力分散，反而乏味。阅读时先记下起读时间(startingtime)，阅读完毕，记下止读时间(finishingtime)，即可计算出本次阅读速度。随手记下，长期坚持，必定收到明显效果。
略读(skimming)
略读又称跳读(readingandskipping)或浏览(glancing)，是一种专门的，非常实用的快速阅读技能。所谓略读，是指以尽可能快的速度阅读，如同从飞机上鸟瞰(birdseyeview)地面上的明显标志一样，迅速获取文章大意或中心思想。换句话说，略读是要求读者有选择地进行阅读，可跳过某些细节，以求抓住文章的大概，从而加快阅读速度。据统计，训练有素的略读者(skimmer)的阅读速度可以达到每分钟3000到4000个词。
阅读时，先把文章粗略地浏览一下，看看文章中是否有自己工作和学习需要的或自己感兴趣的资料和信息，然后确定这篇文章是否值得细读。在查找资料时，如果没有充分时间，而又不需要高度理解时，就可以运用略读技巧。不需要高度理解并非指略读时理解水平可以很低，而是说略低于一般阅读速度所取得的理解水平是允许的。
一般阅读的目标是在保持一般阅读速度的条件下，获得尽可能高的理解水平，通常达到70%或80%。略读时，理解水平略低一些是预料之中的事，平均理解率达50%或60%就可以了。
略读有下列四个特点：
(1)以极快的速度阅读大量材料，寻找字面上或事实上的主要信息和少量的阐述信息。
(2)可以跳过某个部分或某些部分不读。
(3)理解水平可以稍低一些，但也不能太低。
(4)根据文章的难易程度和达到的目的，不断灵活地调整阅读速度。
略读可以运用下列技巧：
(1)要利用印刷细节(type graphical details)，如书或文章的标题、副标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、脚注、标点符号等，对书和文章进行预测略读(previewskimming)。预测略读要了解作者的思路、文章方式(模式)，以便把握大意，有关的细节及其相互关系。
(2)以一般阅读速度(200～250wpm)，阅读文章开头的一、二段，力求抓住文章大意、背景情况、作者的文章风格、口吻或语气等。
(3)阅读段落的主题句和结论句。抓住主题句就掌握了段落大意，然后略去细节不读，以求得略读速度。
(4)注意转折词和序列词。转折词如however,moreover,inaddition等;序列词firstly,secondly等。
(5)若无需要，不必阅读细节。
寻读(Scanning)
寻读又称查读，同略读一样，寻读也是一种快速阅读技巧。熟练的读者善于运用寻读获得具体信息，以提高阅读效率。
寻读是一种从大量的资料中迅速查找某一项具体事实或某一项特定信息，如人物、事件、时间、地点、数字等，而对其它无关部分则略去不读的快速阅读方法。运用这种方法，读者就能在最短的时间内掠过尽可能多的印刷材料，找到所需要的信息。例如，在车站寻找某次列车或汽车的运行时刻，在机场寻找某次班机的飞行时刻，在图书馆查找书刊的目录，在文献中查找某一日期、名字、数字或号码等，都可以运用这种方法。
作为一种快速寻找信息的阅读技巧，寻读既要求速度，又要求寻读的准确性。具体地说，寻读带有明确的目的性，有针对性地选择问题的答案。因此，可以把整段整段的文字直接映入大脑，不必字字句句过目。视线在印刷材料上掠过时，一旦发现有关的内容，就要稍作停留，将它记住或摘下，既保证寻读的速度，又做到准确无误，所以寻读技巧也很有实用价值。寻读与略读不同。略读时，读者事先对材料一无所知，而寻读则是读者对材料有所了解的情况下进行的。例如，寻读电话号码簿，读者知道受话人的姓名，还知道电话号码簿是按姓的字母顺序排列的。这样，在寻找Jackson的电话时，就可以利用书页上方的标识词，再按姓的字母顺序很快翻到以J开头的书页，从而找到Jackson名下的电话页码。
为了有效地进行寻读，高考圈建议应运用下列技巧。
(1)利用材料的编排形式。资料多半是按字母顺序排列的。如词典、索引、邮政编码簿、电话号码簿以及其它参考资料簿等。当然并非所有资料都是按字母顺序排列的。例如，电视节目是按日期和时间排列的。历史资料是按年代排列的，报纸上的体育版面是按比赛类别(足球、排球、网球)排列等等。不管资料来源怎样，它都是按照某种逻辑方法排列的。例如，要知道某事是何时发生的，要查日期;某事是谁做的，要查人名等。
(2)利用章节标题和说明。寻读之后，首先看看文章标题或章节标题，确定文章是否包含自己所需要的材料，或者哪一部分包含哪些材料，这样可以直接翻到那个部分，进行寻找。
(3)抓提示词。读者找到包含所需信息的章节，准备寻读。这时，要留心与那个具体信息有关的提示词。例如，在报纸体育运动版上寻找某田径运动员的某项运动成绩，他的国名是提示词。在百科全书上寻找纽约市的人名，翻到NewYorkCity那一章后，population,census,inhabitants等词就是提示词，找到提示词，就可以采用一般阅读速度，获得所需要的信息。
以上就是四种练习快速的方法介绍，其实这些高中英语学习方法我们在平常的生活和学习中都曾用到过，只是我们没有意识到而已，而一旦把它们作为方法单独挑选出来，然后按照其要求坚持练习，就会取得很好的效果。这也说明了在我们身边就有很多途径可以提高阅读速度，关键还要看你怎样去挖掘这些方法了。
我们让孩子做阅读，最终的目的是让他们认单词，不做英语文盲。所以，引导孩子看文字是阅读的目标。但是，在孩子阅读启蒙阶段，尤其是如果我们在孩子4岁的时候就开始这种启蒙，认单词肯定不能被当作首要任务。
孩子的这一过程和我们习得母语很相似。我们先学会了母语听说，然后开始学习母语文字，将它们与我们已经听得懂和会说的内容之间建立联系，然后就会读会写了。如果孩子4岁左右开始阅读，可以看文字，但看图画比看文字更重要，因为画图有助于提升孩子的理解力和兴趣。
这个时期我们不要纠结于孩子认不认单词，他们还没有到时候呢!就是孩子看着图画能够念出和它搭配的英文来，我们不要欢欣鼓舞地以为他们认单词了。他们可能是记住了声音和画面的对应关系，不一定是真的认识了单词并且把它们读了出来。
但是，如果孩子到了上小学的年龄还不愿意认英语单词，只想着看画，我们就该关注了。这个阶段孩子的认知已经到了认单词的时候，无论是中文还是英文，他们都有这个能力了。
The Color of Friendship 友谊的颜色
Once upon a time the colors of the world started to quarrel. All claimed that they were the best. The most important.The most useful.The favorite.从前，世界上的各种颜色进行过一次争吵。每一种颜色都说自己是最好的,最重要的，
最有用的,和最讨人喜欢的。
Green said: "Clearly I am the most important. I am the sign of life and of hope. I was chosen for grass, trees and leaves. Without me, all animals would die. Look over the countryside and you will see that I am in the majority."
绿色说：“显然，我是最重要的。我是生命和希望的标志。我被选作青草，树木以及叶子的颜色。没有了我，所有的动物都会死去。展望田野吧，你会看到，到处都有我。”
Blue interrupted: "You only think about the earth, but consider the sky and the sea. It is the water that is the basis of life and drawn up by the clouds from the deep sea. The sky gives space and peace and serenity. Without my peace, you would all be nothing."
兰色打断了它的话：“你只考虑了地上，想想天空和海洋吧。水才是生命的基础呀，云彩把水分从深邃的大海带到了天空。天空给了人们空间、和平和宁谧。没有我的和平，你们将不复存在。”
Yellow chuckled: "You are all so serious. I bring laughter, gaiety, and warmth into the world. The sun is yellow, the moon is yellow, the stars are yellow. Every time you look at a sunflower, the whole world starts to smile. Without me there would be no fun."
黄色咯咯地笑出了声：“你们都太严肃了。我给这个世界带来了笑声、欢乐和温暖。太阳是黄色的，月亮是黄色的"，星星是黄色的，每一次你看向日葵的时候，整个世界都开始欢笑。没有我就没有快乐。”
Orange started next to blow her trumpet: "I am the color of health and strength. I may be scarce, but I am precious for I serve the needs of human life. I carry the most important vitamins. Think of carrots, pumpkins, oranges, mangoes, and papayas. I don"t hang around all the time, but when I fill the sky at sunrise or sunset, my beauty is so striking that no one gives another thought to any of you."
橙色马上开始自吹自擂：“我可是健康和力量的颜色。我可能比较稀少，但是我非常宝贵，因为我满足了人们生活的需要。我携带了大多数重要的维他命。想想胡罗卜、南瓜、柑橘、芒果和番木瓜。我并不经常出没在天空，但日出或日落我在天际登场时，我的美丽足以惊世，没有人还会想起你们。”
Red could stand it no longer he shouted out: "I am the ruler of all of you. I am blood - life"s blood! I am the color of danger and of bravery. I am willing to fight for a cause. I bring fire into the blood. Without me, the earth would be as empty as the moon. I am the color of passion and of love, the red rose, the poinsettia and the poppy." 红色再也忍不下去了，他喊道：“我，是你们所有人的主宰。我是血液——生命的血液!我是危险和勇敢的颜色。我愿意为了一个目标而斗争。我把烈火带入血液。没有了我，地球会象月亮一样变得空虚。我是激情和爱的颜色，是红玫瑰、猩猩木。
Purple rose up to his full height: He was very tall and spoke with great pomp: "I am the color of royalty and power. Kings, chiefs, and bishops have always chosen me for I am the sign of authority and wisdom. People do not question me! They listen and obey."
紫色站起身来：他非常高，说起话来风度十足：“我是王权和力量的象征。国王、酋长、主教都选择了我，因为我象征着权威和智慧。人们不会对我提出疑问，他们只能聆听和服从。”
Finally Indigo spoke, much more quietly than all the others, but with just as much determination: "Think of me. I am the color of silence. You hardly notice me, but without me you all become superficial. I represent thought and reflection, twilight and deep water. You need me for balance and contrast, for prayer and inner peace."
最后，靛青说话了，他的声音比其他人都轻，但却比其他人都斩钉截铁：“想想我吧。我是沉默的颜色。你们几乎注意不到我，但是如果没有我，你们全都会变得肤浅。我代表着思想和反省，代表者黎明的微光和深邃的海水。你们需要我来平衡和比较，来祈祷和获求内心的安宁。”
And so the colors went on boasting, each convinced of his or her own superiority. Their quarreling became louder and louder. Suddenly there was a startling flash of bright lightening thunder rolled and boomed. Rain started to pour down relentlessly. The colors crouched down in fear, drawing close to one another for comfort.
这样一来，颜色们就不停地自夸，每个人都深信自己无比优越。他们的争吵声越来越大。突然，电闪雷鸣。雨无情地倾盆而下。颜色们惊恐地蜷缩起来，彼此挤在一起捱过着恐怖的时刻。
In the midst of the clamor, rain began to speak: "You foolish colors, fighting amongst yourselves, each trying to dominate the rest. Don"t you know that you were each made for a special purpose, unique and different? Join hands with one another and come to me."
在一片喧嚣声中，雨开始说话了：“你们这些愚蠢的颜色，彼此相互争斗，每个人都想支配别人。你们难道就不知道每个人都是天造地设，都是独一无二，彼此不同的吗?携起手来吧。”
Doing as they were told, the colors united and joined hands. The rain continued: "From now on, when it rains, each of you will stretch across the sky in a great bow of color as a reminder that you can all live in peace. The Rainbow is a sign of hope for tomorrow." And so, whenever a good rain washes the world, and a Rainbow appears in the sky, let us remember to appreciate one another.
颜色们按照着雨的话，团结在一起，携起手来。雨接着说：“从现在开始，每次下雨的时候你们都要变成一个巨大的彩色弓形横跨天空，以证明你们能够和平相处。彩虹就是未来希望的标志。”所以，每当大雨冲刷这个世界时，彩虹都会出现在天空，让我们记住彼此要珍惜。
A king had three sons whom he loved equally well， and he did not know which of them to appoint as king following his own
When the time came for him to die he called them to his bed and said， “Dear children， I have thought of something that I will reveal to The one of you is the laziest shall become king after ”
The oldest one said， “Father， then the kingdom belongs to me， for I am so lazy that whenever I lie down to sleep， and a drop falls into my eyes， I will not even close them so that I can fall ”
The second one said， “Father， the kingdom belongs to me， for I am so lazy that when I am sitting by the fire warming myself， I would rather let my heels burn up than to pull my legs ”
The third one said， “Father， the kingdom is mine， for I am so lazy that if I were going to be hanged and already had the rope around my neck， and someone put into my hand a sharp knife with which to cut the rope， I would let myself be hanged rather than to lift my hand up to the ”
在一个遥远的地方，有一个国王，他有三个儿子，对每一个儿子他都非常喜爱，他不知道自己死后应该把王位传给他们三个中的哪一个。所以，当他快要死的时候，就把他们叫到身边说：“亲爱的孩子们，在我死后，你们三个中谁最懒，谁就继承我的王位。”老大说：“既然这样，这王位就是我的，因为我是最懒的儿子，当我躺下睡觉时，有任何东西落到我的眼睛里，我也懒得去擦掉，即使不能把眼睛闭上，我仍然会继续睡觉。”二儿子说：“爸爸，王位应该传给我，因为我是最懒的儿子。当我坐在火边取暖的时候，就是火燃到我的脚趾，我也懒得把腿收回来。”第三个儿子说：“爸爸，这王位是我的，因为我是你最懒的儿子，如果我就要被吊起来，绳子已经套在了脖子上，有人把一把锋利的小刀塞在我手里，要我切断绳子，我宁愿被吊起来也懒得抬起手把绳子割断。”
My favorite season
My favorite season is It"s hot in There is a summer vacation in I don"t go to I think many children like this season, because they can eat ice-cream and go I can go Sometimes I go to the beach with my Sometimes I go to the swimming pool with my I usually visit many places in summer
我最喜欢的季节是夏天。夏天很热。夏天有一个暑假。我不去学校。我想很多孩子都喜欢这个季节，因为他们可以吃冰淇淋和游泳。我可以去游泳。有时我和我的父母一起去海滩。有时我和我的朋友一起去游泳池。我通常在暑假去许多地方游览。
My weekend
There are two days on theweekend, Saturday and On Saturday, I often go to my dancing class inthe morning and do my homework in the afternoon, and I often help my mother dosome On Sunday, I always visit my grandparents in the morning and dosome reading in the After dinner, I often watch TV with my that time, we can talk with each other and say something We oftenhave a good
【要领点评】
写法：这篇习作是按照时间顺序记叙周末的活动，记叙了周六和周日的上午和下午分别做了哪些活动及对活动的感受。
即：周六上午：舞蹈课→下午：做作业和帮妈妈做清洁→周日上午：看望祖父母→下午：阅读→晚上：看电视，与父母交流→感受：高兴和愉快。
我们还可以选取周六和周日中的几个比较主要的活动来写，先说明什么时间在什么地方由什么人做了什么事，有什么感受。再按照活动顺序把活动内容写清楚，最后抒发一下对这次活动或这个周末的感想。
时态：这篇短文我们可以用三种时态来写: 一般过去时(主要描述你上个周末是怎样度过的);一般现在时(主要描述你经常怎样度过周末);一般将来时(主要描述你要怎样过周末)。这里我们来表述平时是如何过周末的，所以采用一般现在时来写。
注意：活动的相关表达方法可采用旧知识，(例)起床get up，和新知识， Climb mountains去爬山中的un很容易错写成nu。还要注意不要出现病句， “Ioften watch TV with my ”不要写成 “I often with myparents watch TV .” 词量上控制在50 ~ 80 之间。
对于孩子的阅读，我们总有挥之不去的英语单词情结。让孩子单纯去背单词，这样枯燥的学习孩子肯定会有抵触情绪。但是边阅读边记单词，又可能影响孩子的阅读乐趣。记忆单词有方法，英文越难的单词(比如三个音节及以上的单词)一般都有词根和词缀，如果只是追求看了能懂，掌握了词根词缀就可以让单词量有很快的增长。
但是对孩子来说，我们不主张完全这么学。首先，因为孩子的总结归纳和分析能力没有大人强，教了规律可能不会特别管用。其次，我们不希望孩子为了应付考试而学，而希望他们真正会用这些单词此外，孩子对学习的趣味性要求比大人高。因此，阅读是孩子枯燥学单词的调节剂：一方面，阅读的内容吸引孩子，学习是在不知不觉中获得的，趣味性强;另一方面，无论是已经学过的单词还是生词，阅读都可以帮助孩子对单词的用法、搭配、拼写等形成长期稳固的记忆，做到活学活用。
有些家长会说，如果阅读过程中或阅读后没有单词强化的训练，我怎么知道孩子学会了这些单词呢?
当然，如果孩子不反感，我们可以购买学习性的分级读物(读完后有一些阅读理解和词汇练习)，或者让孩子把他喜欢的经典句子和单词划出来，甚至抄写下来(注意，千万不要让孩子抄写孤零零的单词，一定要把单词所在的句子一起抄下来)，这是第一步。
再进一步就可以让孩子用这些单词做口头或笔头的复述、造句、完形填空等，考查孩子是否真的会用这些单词了。但是，如果孩子因为添加了这些任务而不喜欢读了，我们还是投降吧。只要读，单词自然而然会积累下来的，只是效率低一些、速度慢一些罢了，但对孩子的影响肯定是100%积极的，不像背单词，也许背着背着孩子就要彻底放弃英语了。
人工智能艺术家
电脑真的能创造艺术作品吗?
The Painting Fool is one of a growing number of computer programs which, so their makers claim, possess creative Classical music by an artificial composer has had audiences enraptured, and even tricked them into believing a human was behind the Artworks painted by a robot have sold for thousands of dollars and been hung in prestigious And software has been built which creates art that could not have been imagined by the
“绘画愚人”是数目正在逐渐增加的——按照它们的创造者所宣称的——拥有创作才华的电脑程序之一。由人工智能作曲家所创作的古典音乐曾经令观众听得入神，甚至让他们误以为这首乐曲是人类的杰作。由机器人绘画的艺术作品曾经卖出过数千美元的价格并挂在声明卓著的画廊中展览。还有一些这样的软件，它们创作出来的艺术品是其编程者事先根本不曾想象过的。
Human beings are the only species to perform sophisticated creative acts If we can break this process down into computer code, where does that leave human creativity? ‘This is a question at the very core of humanity,’ says Geraint Wiggins, a computational creativity researcher at Goldsmiths, University of ‘It scares a lot of They are worried that it is taking something special away from what it means to be ’
人类是唯一能够常规性地完成复杂艺术创作行为的物种。如果我们可以将这个过程分解成为电脑编码，那把人类创造力置于何地呢?“这是一个关乎人性最核心的问题”，伦敦大学金史密斯学院的一位计算机创造力研究学者Geraint Wiggins 这样说。“它让许多人感到恐惧，他们担忧这会从人类中剥夺某些特殊的本属于人类的东西。”
To some extent, we are all familiar with computerised The question is: where does the work of the artist stop and the creativity of the computer begin? Consider one of the oldest machine artists, Aaron, a robot that has had paintings exhibited in London’s Tate Modern and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Aaron can pick up a paintbrush and paint on canvas on its Impressive perhaps, but it is still little more than a tool to realise the programmer’s own creative
在某种程度上，我们对电脑创作的艺术都很熟悉。问题在于：艺术家的工作是在何处停止，而电脑的创造力又是从哪里开始的呢?想想最老的机器艺术家之一：Aaron，这个机器人创作的绘画作品展览在伦敦泰特现代美术馆和旧金山现代艺术博物馆里。Aaron可以拿起一支画笔，自己在画布上作画。也许确实令人惊叹，但它也仍然无非就是一台用来实现编程者自己创意理念的机器罢了。
Simon Colton, the designer of the Painting Fool, is keen to make sure his creation doesn’t attract the same Unlike earlier ‘artists’ such as Aaron, the Painting Fool only needs minimal direction and can come up with its own concepts by going online for The software runs its own web searches and trawls through social media It is now beginning to display a kind of imagination too, creating pictures from One of its original works is a series of fuzzy landscapes, depicting trees and While some might say they have a mechanical look, Colton argues that such reactions arise from people’s double standards towards software-produced and human-produced After all, he says, consider that the Painting Fool painted the landscapes without referring to a ‘If a child painted a new scene from its head, you’d say it has a certain level of imagination,’ he points The same should be true of a ’ Software bugs can also lead to unexpected Some of the Painting Fool’s paintings of a chair came out in black and white, thanks to a technical This gives the work an eerie, ghostlike Human artists like the renowned Ellsworth Kelly are lauded for limiting their colour palette - so why should computers be any different?
“绘画愚人”的设计者Simon Colton 非常热切地想要确保他的产品不会引来同样的批评。不像Aaron这样的早期艺术家，“绘画愚人”只需要极少量的指令，就能通过上网搜索材料而产生自己的创作理念。这个软件启动其自身的网页搜索功能，浏览各个社交媒体页面。它现在也开始展示出了某种想象力，能从草稿中创造出完整的画作。它的原创作品之一是一系列朦胧风景画，描绘的是树木与天空。虽然有些人也许会说这些画作有一种机械感，Colton却反驳说，这样的反应是出于人们对待软件创作和人类创作的艺术的双重标准。毕竟，他这样说，要考虑到“绘画愚人”是在没有参照一张照片的情况下画出了这些风景。“如果一个孩子从自己的头脑中描绘出一副新的景象，你就会说这个孩子有一定的想象力水平的”，他说，“放在一台机器上也应当一样。”软件漏洞也有可能会造成意想不到的效果。“绘画愚人”描绘一把椅子的一些由于技术故障作品成了黑白色。这赋予了画作一种怪诞、诡异的感觉。有一些如Ellsworth Kelly般著名的人类艺术家因为非常克制地运用自己调色板上的色彩而广受传颂——那么放在电脑身上为什么就应当有所不同呢?
Researchers like Colton don’t believe it is right to measure machine creativity directly to that of humans who ‘have had millennia to develop our skills’. Others, though, are fascinated by the prospect that a computer might create something as original and subtle as our best So far, only one has come Composer David Cope invented a program called Experiments in Musical Intelligence, or Not only did EMI create compositions in Cope’s style, but also that of the most revered classical composers, including Bach, Chopin and Audiences were moved to tears, and EMI even fooled classical music experts into thinking they were hearing genuine Not everyone was impressed Some, such as Wiggins, have blasted Cope’s work as pseudoscience, and condemned him for his deliberately vague explanation of how the software Meanwhile, Douglas Hofstadter of Indiana University said EMI created replicas which still rely completely on the original artist’s creative When audiences found out the truth they were often outraged with Cope, and one music lover even tried to punch Amid such controversy, Cope destroyed EMI’s vital
像Colton这样的研究者们并不赞成将机器创造力直接与人类创造力相提并论互相比较，因为“人类已经有几千年的时光来发展我们的技巧了”。另一些人则着迷于这样的前景：一台电脑也许能跟我们最好的艺术家相媲美，创作出同样富有创意而精巧的作品。到目前为止，只有一个接近了这个目标。作曲家David Cope发明了一个程序，称作“音乐智能实验”，简称EMI。EMI不仅创作出了Cope风格的乐曲，而且还仿制出了最受尊崇的古典音乐作曲家们的作品，包括巴赫、肖邦和莫扎特。观众感动得泪流满面，EMI甚至还骗过了古典音乐方面的专家，让他们以为自己听到的是真正的巴赫作品。然而并非所有人都对此表示了惊叹。有一些人，例如Wiggins，就猛烈抨击Cope 的这项创造为伪科学，还谴责他对这个程序到底如何运行的解释刻意含糊不清。与此同时，印第安纳大学的Douglas Hofstadter认为，EMI创作的这些复制品仍然要完全依赖于原创艺术家的创作灵感。在观众们发现了真相以后，他们对Cope 感到异常愤怒，有一位乐迷甚至想要打他。在这样的一片争议声中，Cope销毁了EMI的关键数据库。
But why did so many people love the music, yet recoil when they discovered how it was composed? A study by computer scientist David Moffat of Glasgow Caledonian University provides a He asked both expert musicians and non-experts to assess six The participants weren’t told beforehand whether the tunes were composed by humans or computers, but were asked to guess, and then rate how much they liked each People who thought the composer was a computer tended to dislike the piece more than those who believed it was This was true even among the experts, who might have been expected to be more objective in their
但是为什么会有这么多人热爱那些音乐本身，在发现了它是如何被创作出来之后却退缩了呢?格拉斯哥卡利多尼亚大学的计算机科学家David Moffat进行的一项研究提供了一条线索。他让专业音乐家和非专业人士同时去评估六首乐曲。这些参与者并没有被事先告知这些乐曲究竟是由人类还是电脑所创作的，但是被要求去进行猜测，然后给出自己对每一首曲子喜好程度的评价。那些认为创作者是电脑的人们通常会比那些认为其创作者是人类的听众更不喜欢这支乐曲。即使是在专家们之中情况也是如此，但人们其实最开始是认为专家的分析评估会更加客观的。
Where does this prejudice come from? Paul Bloom of Yale University has a suggestion: he reckons part of the pleasure we get from art stems from the creative process behind the This can give it an ‘irresistible essence’, says Meanwhile, experiments by Justin Kruger of New York University have shown that people’s enjoyment of an artwork increases if they think more time and effort was needed to create Similarly, Colton thinks that when people experience art, they wonder what the artist might have been thinking or what the artist is trying to tell It seems obvious, therefore, that with computers producing art, this speculation is cut short - there’s nothing to But as technology becomes increasingly complex, finding those greater depths in computer art could become This is precisely why Colton asks the Painting Fool to tap into online social networks for its inspiration: hopefully this way it will choose themes that will already be meaningful to
这种偏见到底来自哪儿?耶鲁大学的Paul Bloom提出了一个见解：他认为我们从艺术中得到的愉悦有一部分来自于作品背后的创作过程。这能为它赋予一种“不可抗拒的精髓感”，Bloom说。与此同时，纽约大学的Justin Kruger 所进行的实验也显示：人们如果认为创作某件艺术品需要更多的时间和精力，就会更加欣赏它。类似地，Colton 认为当人们去体验艺术时，他们会不禁去好奇艺术家当时正在想什么，或者艺术家正在试图向他们表达什么。因此，这一点似乎就很明显了：当创作艺术的是电脑时，这种遐思就被打断了——因为没有什么可探索的。但是随着技术变得越来越复杂，在电脑的艺术创作中找到那些意义深邃之处可以逐渐成为可能。正是因此，Colton才会指示“绘画愚人”去搜索各社交媒体网页来获取灵感：希望通过这种方式，它将会选取那些对我们来说已经具有意义的主题。
Following your heart IS your life Finding your life purpose can often feel like trying to locate the Holy Grail, but the truth is it"s not as hard as you Simply put, following your heart and doing what you love is your life purpose and when you live in that way, life just keeps getting better and Follow your heart, do what you love, and I promise life will grow, evolve, and become more incredible than you ever thought
追随内心就是你的人生目标。
寻找人生目标经常就像寻找圣杯在哪里一样麻烦，但事实上这没有你想象的那么难。
追随内心、做自己喜欢的事就是你的人生目标。
当你用这种方式生活时，你的人生就会变得越来越美好。
追随你的内心，做自己喜欢的事，我保证你的人生会成长、进化，变得更加妙不可言，超乎你的想象。
Your heart knows more than your head so listen to We often have a tendency to overthink life and end up making it more difficult than it needs to Living from your head as opposed to your heart, invites fear, logic, and endless analysis to stop you from doing things that will radically transform your Tune into your heart and let it be your guide, I promise you won"t be sorry you
你的心比你的头脑知道得更多，所以照着内心说的做吧。
我们经常会什么事都想太多，最终把人生变得更加复杂，其实人生本不该复杂。
与跟从内心相反，听从大脑而活，是让恐惧、逻辑和无尽的分析来阻止自己去做颠覆生活的事。
还是聆听你的内心吧，让它成为你的向导，我保证你不会后悔。
Talc Powder
A Peter Brigg discovers how talc from Luzenac"s Trimouns in France find its way into food and agricultural products - from chewing gum to olive High in the French Pyrenees, some 1,700m above sea level, lies Trimouns, a huge deposit of hydrated magnesium silicate - talc to you and Talc from Trimouns, and from ten other Luzenac mines across the globe, is used in the manufacture of a vast array of everyday products extending from paper, paint and plaster to cosmetics, plastics and car And of course there is always talc"s best known end use: talcum powder for babies1 But the true versat ility of this remarkable mineral is nowhere better displayed than in its sometimes surprising use in certain niche markets in the food and agriculture
B Take, for example, the chewing gum Every year, Talc de Luzenac France - which owns and operates the Trimouns mine and is a member of the international Luzenac Group ( art of Rio Tinto minerals ) supplies about 6,000 tones of talc to chewing gum manufacturers in "We"ve been selling to this sector of the market since the 1960s," says Laurent Fournier, sales manager in Luzenac"s Specialties business unit in "Admittedly, in terms of our total annual sales of talc, the amount we supply to chewing gum manufacturers is relatively small, but we see it as a valuable niche market: one where customers place a premium on securing supplies from a reliable, high quality Because of this, long term allegiance to a proven suppler is very much a feature of this sector of die talc " Switching sources - in the way that you might choose to buy, say, paperclips from Supplier A rather than from Supplier B - is not an easy option for chewing gum " Fournier "The cost of reformulating is high, so when customers are using a talc grade that works, even if it"s expensive, they are understandably reluctant to "
C But how is talc actually used in the manufacture of chewing gum? Patrick Delord, an engineer with a degre e in agronomics, who has been with Luzenac for 22 years and is now senior market development manager, Agriculture and Food, in Europe, explains that chewing gums has four main "The most important of them is the gum base," he "It"s the gum base that puts the chew into chewing It binds all the ingredients together, creating a soft, smooth To this the manufacturer then adds sweeteners, softeners and Our talc is used as a filler in the gum The amount vanes between, say, ten and 35 per cent, depending on the type of Fruit flavoured chewing gum, for example, is slightly acidic and would react with the calcium carbonate that the manufacturer might otherwise use as a Talc, on the other hand, makes an ideal filler because it"s non-reactive In the factory, talc is also used to dust the gum base pellets and to stop the chewing gum sticking during the lamination and packing process," Delord
D The chewing gum business is, however, just one example of talc"s use in the food For the past 20 years or so, olive oil processors in Spain have been taking advantage of talc"s unique characteristics to help them boost the amount of oil they extract from crushed olives According to Patrick Delord, talc is especially useful for treating what he calls "difficult" After the olives are harvested - preferably early in the morning because their taste is better if they are gathered in the cool of the day they are taken to the processing There they arc crushed and then stirred for 30-45 In the old days, the resulting paste was passed through an olive press but nowadays it"s more common to add water and ( K-6IH ) the mixture to separate the water and oil from the solid matter The oil and water are then allowed to settle so that the olive oil layer can be ) and "Difficult" olives are those that are more reluctant than the norm to yield up their full oil This may be attributable to the particular species of olive, or to its water content and the time of year the olives arc collected - at the beginning and the end of the season their water content is often either too high or too These olives are easy to recognize because they produce a lot of extra foam during the stirring process, a consequence of an excess of a fine solid that acts as a natural The oil in this emulsion is lost when the water is disposed Not only that, if the waste water is disposed of directly into local fields - often the case in many smaller processing operations - the emulsified oil may take some time to biodegrade and so be harmful to the
E "If you add between a half and two percent of talc by weight during the stirring process, it absorbs the natural emulsifier in the olives and so boosts the amount of oil you can extract," says "In addition, talc"s flat, "platey" structure helps increase the size of the oil droplets liberated during stirring, which again improves the However, because talc is chemically inert, it doesn"t affect the color, taste, appearance or composition of the resulting olive "
F If the use of talc in olive oil processing and in chewing gum is long established, new applications in the food and agriculture industries arc also constantly being sought by One such promising new market is fruit crop protection, being pioneered in the Just like people, fruit can get In fact, in very sunny regions up to 45 per cent of a typical crop can be affected by heat stress and sunburn However, in the case of fruit, it"s not so much the ultra violet rays which harm the crop as the high surface temperature that the sun"s rays
G To combat this, farmers normally use either chemicals or spray a continuous fine canopy of mist above the fruit frees or The trouble is, this uses a lot of water - normally a precious commodity in hot, sunny areas - and it is therefore What"s more, the ground can quickly become "So our idea was to coat the fruit with talc to protect it from the sun," says Greg Hunter, a marketing specialist who has been with Luzenac for ten "But to do this, several technical challenges had first to be Talc is very hydrophobic: it doesn"t like So in order to have a viable product we needed a wettable powder - something that would go readily into suspension so that it could be sprayed onto the It also had to break the surface tension of the cutin ( the natural waxy, waterproof layer on the fruit ) and of course it had to wash off easily when the fruit was No-one"s going to want an apple that"s covered in "
H Initial trials in the state of Washington in 20XX showed that when the product was sprayed onto Granny Smith apples, it reduced their surface temperature and lowered the incidence of sunburn by up to 60 per Today the new product, known as Invelop Maximum SPF, is in its second commercial year on the US Apple growers are the primary target although Hunter believes grape growers represent another sector with long term He is also hopeful of extending sales to overseas markets such as Australia, South America and southern
Question 27-32
Use the information in the passage to match each use of tale power with correct application from B or Write the appropriate letters A-C in boxes 27-32 on your answer
NB you may use any letter more than
Fruit protection
Chewing gum business
Olive oil extraction
27 Talc is used to increase the size of
28 Talc is applied to reduce
29 Talc is employed as a filler of
30 Talc is modified and prevented
31 Talc is added to stop
32 Talc is used to increase
Questions 33-38
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than two words from the Reading Passage for each Write your answers in boxes 33-38 on your answer
Spanish olive oil industry has been using talc in oil extraction process for It is useful in dealing with difficult olives which often produce high amount of____34____because of the high content of solid When smaller factories release____35____, it could be____36____to the environment because it is hard to____37____and usually lakes lime as it contains emulsified However, talc power added in the process is able to absorb the emulsifier It improves the oil extraction production, because with aid of talc powder, size of
Question 39-40
Answer the questions
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each
Write your answers in boxes 39-40 on your answer
39 In which process is talc used to dear the stickiness of chewing gum?
40 Which group of farmers does Invelop intend to target in a long view?
文章题目：滑石粉
篇章结构
体裁论说文
题目滑石粉
结构(一句话概括每段大意) A 段：滑石粉的主要用途 B 段：滑石粉在口香糖市场中的用途 C 段：
滑石粉在口香糖制作中的原理 D 段：
滑石粉在其他食品中的应用 E 段：滑石粉在食品中的应用原理 F 段：滑石粉在水果保护中的应用 G 段：滑石粉对水果的保护作用原理 H 段：
水果保护作用的市场拓展
试题分析
Question 27-32
题目类型：搭配题
解题思路：可以先去定位A,B,C三个选项中内容所对应的文段，然后从27-32中的题干去搜寻相符合的，而不是一个一个题目去找，这样会比较节省时间
题号定位词文中对应点题目解析
27 Increase，size， E 段第三句话 根据文章大意将 C 选项个橄榄油提取的内容定位到 E 段，第三句话，提到滑石粉的结构有助于增加挥发油滴的体积，故可以判断 27 题与 C 相连
28 Foam D 段倒数第四句话 根据关键词定位到 D 段，原文中提到搅拌过程中会产生很多泡沫，后面提出因此要加上滑石粉来减少泡沫。
29 Base，fill C 段倒数第 8 行 根据关键词定位到 C 段原文 "our talc is used as a filler in the gum base"。故是关于口香糖行业的内容，选 B
30 Sun，fruit G 段第四句话 根据 sunburn 这个词可以定位到 G 段，第四句表明滑石粉可以起到保护水果免受日晒的作用，故选 A
31 Sticking C 段最后一句话 根据 statement 中的 "stickness" 这个词可以定位到 C 段结尾部分，原文说滑石粉可以防止口香糖在挤压过程中与包装粘在一起，所以跟 statement 表述的意思是一致的
32 boost，amount E 段第一句话 文章中提到可以 "boosts the amount of oil you can extract" 跟题干上表述一直
Question 33-38
题目类型：总结题
33 spanish olive oil D 段第二句话 根据 spanish olive oil 定位到 D 段，文章提到橄榄油制造利用滑石粉已经二十年。
34 High amount of 根据关键词定位到 D 段，原文中提到搅拌过程中会产生很多泡沫，后面提出因此要加上滑石粉来减少泡沫。所以填 "foam"
35 Factory D 段倒数第二句话 根据关键词定位到 D 段结尾，原文提到 "waste water"
36 Environment D 段最后一句话 根据关键词定位到 D 段结尾，文中提到这种乳化油分解对环境的影响是 "harmful" 的
37 同上 问 harmful 的原因。原文有明确提出，是由于 "hard to biodegrade"，难以生物降解
38 Size，increase 文章说到在橄榄油提取过程中，挥发的油滴体积会增加，"increase the size of the oil droplets"
Question 39-40
题目类型：问答题
39 Stickiness，chewing gun 题目中问到在哪一个过程中滑石粉是用于来减少口香糖粘度的，这个跟上面第 31 题比较近似，可以先定位到 C 段结尾，可看到文章中明确给出是 "during the lamination and packing process"
40 Invelop，long-term potential H 段倒数第二句 S 首先根据 "invelop" 定位到 H 段，题目问哪个组织的种植者是 invelop 打算长期去关注投资的，倒数第二句给出答案是 "grape grower"
参考答案：
Version 24109 主题 滑石粉
27 C 28 29 B
30 A 31 32
33 20 34 foam 35 waste water
36 harmful 37 biodegrade 38 droplets
39 Lamination and packing 40 Grape growers
